Which trait is common to integrated pest management (IPM)?

Integrated pest management (IPM) is a holistic approach that aims to manage pest populations at acceptable levels while minimizing risks to human health, beneficial organisms, and the environment. This is achieved by employing a combination of strategies, including biological, cultural, mechanical, and chemical controls in a way that is economically viable and ecologically sound. The goal is not to eliminate all pests but rather to maintain pest populations below thresholds that would cause unacceptable damage or nuisance.

This approach considers various factors such as the life cycles of pests, their natural enemies, and environmental conditions. By focusing on managing pests at acceptable levels, IPM promotes sustainability and reduces pesticide resistance, ensuring that pest control measures remain effective over time.

Other options, such as relying solely on chemical or biological controls, or disregarding environmental impacts, fall short of the comprehensive strategy that defines IPM. Such extremes can lead to negative consequences like increased pest resistance, harm to non-target organisms, or environmental degradation, which IPM actively seeks to avoid.